Types of Solar Panels in October 2024

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Tamara Jude is a senior writer with over eight years of digital publication experience. Her bylines include notable publications such as Architectural Digest and This Old House.

Angela Bunt is an editor based in Dover, N.H. with over a decade of experience in the content industry. She’s worked as an editor and content manager in the live events, wellness and home spaces.

Solar panels play an essential role in your solar system, affecting energy production, efficiency and long-term savings. This makes it just as important to find the right solar panels as it is the best solar company for your installation. However, deciding on the right type of solar panels might be overwhelming. We at the Guides Home Team created this guide to the different solar panel types so you can make an informed decision.

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Solar panels contain dozens of photovoltaic cells (or solar PV cells) that absorb the sun’s energy. Once the energy is absorbed, it’s converted into direct current (DC) energy. This energy flows through an inverter that changes the DC energy into alternating (AC) energy. The converted energy is delivered to your home’s electrical panels and outlets for use.

There are three main types of solar panels: monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film. Each type has different advantages and disadvantages.

Monocrystalline solar panels (or mono panels) are the most popular solar panels on the market. These panels offer the highest efficiency, with rates between 17% and 23%, according to the National Renewable Energy Labaratory. Mono panels work well in high temperatures, making them ideal for warm and hot environments. According to the American Solar Energy Society, they also have the longest life span, typically lasting 25 to 40 years. Due to their better quality and higher efficiency, these panels cost more than poly or thin-film solar panels.

Mono panels have a black hue and blend in with most rooftops. These panels are mounted, so they don’t lie as flat as thin-film options. However, you’ll need fewer mono panels than other types because they’re so efficient. This makes them ideal for homes with limited roof space.

Monocrystalline solar cells are made of pure silicon, one of the most abundant elements on Earth. The cells are manufactured using the Czochralski process, which involves adding a seed crystal of silicon into a molten vat of pure silicon at a high temperature. The result is a single crystal of silicon, or ingot, that is thinly sliced into wafers. These silicon wafers make up mono panels. Monocrystalline silicon is also used to manufacture some solar shingles or tiles.

Polycrystalline solar panels (or poly panels) are an older solar technology, which makes them more affordable than mono panels. They offer lower efficiency ratings of 14% to 17%. These panels drop in efficiency in hot temperatures, so avoid using them in hot climates. Poly panels last around 25 to 30 years.

Most people recognize polycrystalline panels due to their blue color. This makes them visible on rooftop installations and may clash with your home’s aesthetics. Because poly panels have lower efficiency, you’ll need to install more panels to power your home. This requires a roof with ample space for more solar modules.

Polycrystalline solar cells are made of multi-crystalline silicon. These solar cells are prone to more imperfections than mono cells, reducing efficiency. However, the production process is cheaper and less wasteful than mono panels because it uses melted fragments.

Thin-film solar panels are an alternative to traditional crystalline panels. These panels are used more for commercial installations than residential projects. They work better in small-scale installations such as a garage or shed that needs independent power. Their efficiency is lower than mono and poly options, ranging from 7% to 12%. In addition, they offer a low life span of 10 to 20 years. Thin-film panels are the cheapest solar panels on the market.

Thin-film panels are made from thin, flexible layers of photovoltaic material and are the least noticeable on roofs. Since their efficiency rating is low, you’ll need more panels to provide adequate power. These panels don’t require additional mounting equipment, resulting in a simpler installation process than conventional panels.

Thin-film panels use thin layers of a semiconductor material such as cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide or amorphous silicon. Here’s an overview of the three main types of thin-film panels:

The total cost of your solar panel system depends largely on the solar panel type you use. Monocrystalline panels are the most expensive due to their costly production process, better power output and high efficiency rating. Polycrystalline panels are more affordable due to their less wasteful manufacturing process, but they offer mid-tier efficiency. Keep in mind that you’ll need more poly panels than mono panels to power your home. Thin-film panels are the cheapest option but have the lowest power production and efficiency.

Homeowners can use solar incentives and credits to lower the total cost of your solar power system. These incentives are offered by federal, state and local governments. For example, the federal solar tax credit provides a credit equal to 30% of your solar installation costs that can be applied to your taxes.

Additional credits and rebates may be available through your city, municipality or local utility companies. Check the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency (DRISE) for an up-to-date list of solar incentives in your area.

Along with materials, efficiency and life span, you should consider the following factors when shopping for the best solar panels.

Monocrystalline panels offer the best efficiency and power output but are the most expensive. Polycrystalline panels are a mid-tier alternative with lower energy efficiency ratings but more affordable pricing. You’ll need ample roof space for a poly panel installation. Thin-film panels have the lowest price but aren’t powerful enough to sustain a household. These panels work best for smaller home projects and installations.

We recommend comparing quotes from at least three different solar installers before making a decision. Review the details of the solar panels, including their warranty, power capacity and energy efficiency.

Solar panels require little to no maintenance. The only regular maintenance is occasional cleaning to remove dirt and debris.

Monocrystalline panels have the longest life span of 25 to 40 years. Polycrystalline panels can last between 25 and 35 years. Thin-film panels offer the lowest life span, typically averaging 10 to 20 years.

Monocrystalline panels are considered the best due to their high efficiency ratings, better power production and longer life span.

If you have feedback or questions about this article, please email the MarketWatch Guides team at [email protected].

Tamara Jude is a senior writer with over eight years of digital publication experience. Her bylines include notable publications such as Architectural Digest and This Old House.

Angela Bunt is an editor based in Dover, N.H. with over a decade of experience in the content industry. She’s worked as an editor and content manager in the live events, wellness and home spaces.

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